В большинстве случаев больные обращаются к врачам уже на поздних стадиях развития туберкулеза
Туберкулез поддается лечению, если он выявлен на ранних стадиях. Но поздно выявленный и уже запущенный туберкулез — лечению не подлежит.
Симптомы и признаки туберкулеза
На сегодняшний день выделяют разнообразные признаки и симптомы туберкулеза. Так как симптомов туберкулеза достаточно много, это очень затрудняет диагностику заболевания на ранних стадиях. В большинстве случаев инфицированные люди приходят на консультацию к врачам — специалистам уже на поздних стадиях развития заболевания, имея в наличии различные осложнения.
Туберкулез принято считать патологией, скрытой под разными масками. На самом деле так оно и есть, так как симптомы данного заболевания являются весьма разнообразными и очень часто похожи на признаки совершенно других болезней. Прежде всего, признаки данного инфекционного процесса зависят от его месторасположения. Например, туберкулез кожи и туберкулез легких будут сопровождаться различными признаками. Однако стоит заметить еще и то, что различные симптомы данной патологии могут проявляться и в том случае, если данная патология уже захватила тот или иной орган респираторной системы. В данном случае симптоматика туберкулеза определяется активностью происходящего процесса, а также типом развития патологии. Достаточно важную роль играют и индивидуальные особенности организма человека, а также его возраст. От индивидуальных особенностей организма зависят виды и темпы развития заболевания. Важную роль играет восприимчивость организма по отношению к туберкулезной палочке, а также прогноз патогенеза и результаты терапии. Благодаря нашей статье вы сможете ознакомиться с основными признаками туберкулеза в зависимости от всех вышеперечисленных факторов.
Симптомы и признаки туберкулеза легких
Если вовремя выявить болезнь, то ее можно вылечить
Туберкулез легких на сегодняшний день является самой частой формой заболевания.
Вид больного
При наличии данного заболевания у человека наблюдается резкое снижение общей массы тела. Это заболевание отражается на его внешнем виде. Такие люди выглядят бледными и худощавыми, у них заостряются черты лица, и это делает их лицо более красивым. Из-за бледности кожного покрова на щеках выделяется румянец. Но в случае хронической формы туберкулеза легких человек выглядит очень истощенным.
Состояние больного
При ограниченных формах данного заболевания у пациентов отмечается сильная слабость, наблюдается чрезмерная утомляемость, это особенно сильно ощущается по утрам. помимо всего перечисленного у них очень снижается работоспособность. Дети, страдающие таким заболеванием, начинают плохо есть и спать. Они отстают в учебе. В случае массивных форм заболевания состояние больных становится крайне тяжелым.
Кашель и кровохарканье
Кашель является самым ярким симптомом у всех больных туберкулезом легких. Вначале кашель является настойчивым и сухим. Особенно сильно он беспокоит больных в ночное и в утреннее время. Со временем сухой кашель переходит во влажный и сопровождается выделением мокроты. Такой кашель носит хронический характер и не проходит даже за три недели лечения, и это должно сразу же насторожить больного. В случае бронхита, ОРЗ либо воспаления легких также отмечается кашель, но он беспокоит человека намного меньше и носит другой характер.
Основным симптомом наличия туберкулеза легких является кровохарканье. Данный симптом отмечается, как правило, при инфильтративном туберкулезе, а также в некоторых других его формах. В большинстве случаев кровохарканье начинается сразу же после приступа кашля. В такие моменты помимо мокроты наружу выходит еще и свежая кровь в небольших количествах. В таких случаях возможно возникновение легочного кровотечения, и это крайне опасно, потому что может окончиться летальным исходом. В случае кровотечения срочно вызывайте скорую помощь. Достаточно важно знать отличительные черты кровохарканья при туберкулезе легких и такого же кровохарканья при сердечной недостаточности, либо при раке легкого.
Температура у больного
У заболевших туберкулезом легких температура тела может повыситься максимум до тридцати восьми градусов. Повышение температуры тела отмечается, как правило, по вечерам или ночью и сопровождается чрезмерным выделением пота и лихорадкой. Это сразу же настораживает, так как в случае бронхита, ОРЗ либо пневмонии отмечается более высокая температура без выделения пота. Очень высокие скачки температуры тела возможны только при массивных формах инфекционного процесса.
Симптомы при внелегочном туберкулезе
Внелегочным туберкулезом называют туберкулез других органов организма, когда туберкулезная палочка поражает их. Поражение одного из внутренних органов сопровождается различными симптомами, которые порой невозможно отличить от признаков другого заболевания. Из — за этого выявить внелегочный туберкулез достаточно сложно и удается это только после того, как исключаются все другие заболевания с такими же признаками. Намного быстрее удается выявить внелегочный туберкулез, если у пациент ранее перенес легочную форму туберкулеза. Симптомы внелегочной формы туберкулеза зависят от месторасположения инфекционного очага.
Признаки туберкулеза органов пищеварительного тракта
Туберкулез органов пищеварительного тракта сопровождается такими симптомами как боли в животе, периодические поносы и запоры, длительное повышение температуры, метеоризм, кровь в каловых массах. Вполне возможно развитие непроходимости кишечника.
Симптомы туберкулеза костей и суставов
Туберкулез костей сопровождается болевыми ощущениями в области пораженных участков
Туберкулез суставов, костей и позвоночника сопровождается болевыми ощущениями в пораженных участках, в местах патологических переломов, а также ограничением подвижности. Очень важно отличить данную патологию от других заболеваний опорно — двигательного аппарата.
Признаки туберкулеза головного мозга и мозговых оболочек
При туберкулезе головного мозга отмечаются болевые ощущения в области спины
Очень часто туберкулез центральной нервной системы наблюдается у детей либо у взрослых со слабо выраженной иммунной системой. Первые симптомы и признаки этого заболевания — это бессонница, сонливость, повышение температуры и чрезмерная раздражительность. Через неделю больного начинают беспокоить головные боли и рвота. Помимо этого появляются также боли в области спины, боли при вытягивании нижних конечностей, либо при наклоне головы к груди в лежачем положении, боль и напряжение мышц затылочной части шеи. У человека, страдающего этой формой туберкулеза отмечаются различные нервные расстройства.
Симптомы туберкулеза кожи
Туберкулез кожи проявляется в виде плотных узелков и уплотнений
Туберкулез кожи проявляется в виде плотных узелков и уплотнений, которые размещаются под кожным покровом, им свойственно со временем увеличиваться, разрывать верхние слои кожи и высвобождать творожистые массы белого цвета. У туберкулеза кожи возможны и другие симптомы.
Симптомы туберкулеза мочеполовой системы
При туберкулез органов мочеполовой системы чаще всего поражению подвергаются почки
Этот вид туберкулеза может поражать любые органы мочеполовой системы как у женщин, так и у мужчин. Чаще всего поражению подвергаются почки. К симптомам туберкулеза почек можно отнести повышение температуры тела, боли в области спины, а также кровь в моче. Значительно реже туберкулезная палочка проникает в мочеиспускательный канал, мочеточники и мочевой пузырь. В данных ситуациях возникают многочисленные нарушения процесса мочеиспускания, а именно моча с кровью, болевые ощущения, задержка мочи и так далее. Если палочка Коха поражает половые органы, то вполне возможно развитие бесплодия.
Иногда скрытое течение болезни продолжается довольно долго, до тех пор, пока признаки данного заболевания не станут явными. С целью выявления таких незаметно протекающих форм туберкулеза проводится флюорографическое обследование населения. В то же время в промежутке между такими обследованиями туберкулез может зайти довольно далеко.
Поэтому при появлении симптомов туберкулеза необходимо срочно обратиться к врачу.
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